New York City Fighting Influenza :: Journalism Influenza Health Essays

New York City Fighting Influenza New York City's public health officials are pioneering a program to reduce the spread of the influenza epidemic that hit the city over one month ago. The city's approach to disease control is unlike that of any other city in the nation and has been met with much criticism and fear for the lives of New Yorkers. The city's Health Commissioner, Dr. Royal S. Copeland, has refused to close schools, theaters, churches, and places of "public amusement" despite many requests to do so from prominent members of the government's medical community. Public health officials in Philadelphia, Washington, Boston, and Baltimore have taken such measures to reduce crowding--a known cause of the spread of disease. But according to Copeland, closing places of public amusement does not necessarily lessen the instance of physical contact among citizens. Rather, it displaces it and causes panic. (However, he does advise against attending dance halls.) In defending his position to keep schools open, Dr. Copeland commented, "Now how much better it has been to have those children under the constant observation of qualified persons than to close the schools, let the children run the streets and assemble when and where they would and if they get influenza to let them get it under conditions of which the Health Department had no knowledge and in which it was not prepared from the start to deal with the situation in the best way." Copeland went on to explain that the children are inspected from the start of the day and those who have symptoms are either sent home or to a hospital, depending on the caretaking conditions of their homes. Copeland also believes that the schools serve as places of educat ion about the epidemic for children who may also carry the information back to their parents. In response to this approach, former Health Commissioner, Dr. S. S. Goldwater, has announced that Copeland's plan is failing at the expense of the public. He said that the measures to exclude sick children from school are "lamentably weak" and that there is "almost criminal laxity" for carrying out education on the epidemic. Goldwater is currently working to get schools and theaters ordered closed to avoid the dangers that crowding brings. But Copeland's first concerns are ventilation, sanitation, and education. Therefore, theaters are used as centers of education and must remain open.

Limitations of financial ratios as a tool to evaluate financial performance Essay

Although financial ratios play a critical role in allowing investors and analysts to give appropriate predictions and a measure of how the company will perform in the future years in terms of stock prices and profitability but a measure problem with these ratios is that they are based on historical data and therefore an attempt to look into the future with the use of these ratios is risky and exposes investors to different kinds of risks such as inflation, cross-border risk and other business related risks. Another limitation of these ratios is related to there limited use on there own. Certain ratios are insignificant unless they compared with the older data or industry averages. This is a main reason why most analysts want to compare a company’s financial ratio with the industry figures. This also means that an understanding of the business and industry must be there with the investor before a decision is made with regards to purchasing the stock of a company. We also see that firms and their finance departments do try their best to inflate results and window dress the balance sheet and profit and loss figures. This can lead to over estimated revenues and understated costs which might be discovered later. Therefore it is important to look at different ratios and notes to the statements before conclusions are drawn. There is also a case for companies that have defaulted or there have been instances where scams have been caught and reported by the securities companies and other government departments. Some of the financial ratios also might be impacted by the sudden change in a particular factor or some economic factor that might have a short-term affect on the performance of the company’s bottom line and earnings per share. To counter this short-term possibility analyst must look at both technical and fundamental analysis before deciding the long-term view on the company. Another issue with financial ratios is that it does not take into account off-balance sheet items that might play a significant role in the profitability and revenue generation of a company this is a case especially for investment banks. We also see that financial ratios only use accounting data and not economic data. This is also a downside to financial ratios as only limited data is being used to come to important conclusions. (Financial modeling guide, n. d. ) Conclusion MITIE is a strong group with businesses in strategically strong markets where long-term view is extremely positive. The company has strong financials with a prudent policy of avoiding debt in uncertain times. The company has done well considering the difficult time that has been presented by the economic recession and worldwide financial crunch. The company’s profitability looks stronger as we move into 2010 and beyond. The company also has huge potential in business areas such as infrastructure management and property works especially within the public sector. We say so because a lot of options will be available and a number of opportunities present themselves specifically in the government sector. (Reilly & Brown, 2003) The financial analysis reveals important stuff about the company; firstly the company has very few assets backed by long-term borrowing which shows that the company has an opportunity to raise finances by leveraging its balance sheet. This could be very effective if some strategic capital is bought or expansion is sought by the company. We also see great potential as the liquidity and cash position of the company s very impressive this is the case because it is very difficult to manipulate important data in the cash flow statement and the cash flow figures therefore a good performance in that sector shows great potential and the healthy performance of the company. Essentially what is of utmost importance for the company is the fact that it has successfully faced the lowest points of the economic cycle and more importantly it ensured that it developed adequate policies to handle the recessionary times so that in future when liquidity crunch will strike again the company will have adequate measures in place. Appendix Bibliography: Baker. H, Powell. G, 2005. Understanding financial management: a practical guide. Blackwell Publishing Financial Modeling Guide, n. d. Limitations of Financial Ratios in Financial Modeling. Viewed February 6, 2010. < http://www. financialmodelingguide. com/financial-ratios/financial-ratio-limitations/> MITIE, 2010. Investors at MITIE, viewed February 7, 2010 < http://www. mitie. com/investors> MITIE, 2010. About us, viewed February 7, 2010 < http://www. mitie. com/about-us> MITIE, 2010. Annual Report 2009, viewed February 7, 2010 < http://www. mitie. com/investors_reports-and-presentations_2009_MITIE-Group-PLC-Annual-Report-2009> Reilly, K Frank & Brown, 2003. Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management, Cengage South-Western Publisher.

The Diversity Of The Workforce - 1049 Words

Today when you look at our country you think of it a somewhat of a melting pot or a mixed and diverse population. When you look at the populations, even in small towns you see multiple different races and cultures. This then leads to our workforce where you see that same type of diverse culture entering the workforce in the communities they live in and the ones around them. Our workforce hasn’t only changed to multicultural, it also has more and more woman as well.. If we look back 50 years you see that woman and individuals with a race other than caucasian had a very hard time finding a place where they would be welcomed in the workforce. Today woman, our international population, and races other than caucasian are finding the task of working to be a little easier. (Older Workers, 2008) Today we have programs in high schools and college that allow international students to go to college, work, and live here with an overall acceptance from Americans. Our diverse population al so includes the age that we work. With improved healthcare and the advances in technology, men and women are working well into their senior years. Some may debate that it is because they have to with our declining economy, but the fact still remains that they are able to continue in the workforce. With all of these factors it is very important that we work together to improve our communication abilities through our school building by using the application of diverse skills (Linn, 2013). A.1.Show MoreRelatedWorkforce Diversity1507 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Workforce diversity addresses differences among people within an organization. Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people from different categories. Diversity refers to the co-existence of employees from various socio-cultural backgrounds within the company. Diversity includes cultural factors such as race, gender, age, colour, physical ability, ethnicity, education, language, lifestyle, beliefs, economic status, etc. Diversity requires aRead MoreWorkforce Diversity1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 21st century, workforce diversity has become an essential business concern. In the so-called information age, the greatest assets of most companies are now on two feet (or a set of wheels). Undeniably, there is a talent war raging. No company can afford to unnecessarily restrict its ability to attract and retain the very best employees available. Generally speaking, the term â€Å"Workforce Diversity† refers to policies and practices that seek to include people within a workforce who are consideredRead MoreDiversity And Diversity Of The Workforce895 Words   |  4 PagesCompanies have had to conform to what is known today in society. Diversity in the workforce includes a couple of different aspects. Companies must recruit, train, promote and utilize employees whom are diverse (Bateman, 2013, p. 204). Diverse being individuals who have a different ethnic backgrounds, different beliefs, different cultures, and different abilities. Diversity includes women and minorities, but also utilizing each of the individual employee’s abilities to help make the company more effectiveRead MoreDiversity Within A Workforce Diversity894 Words   |  4 Pagespromote workforce diversity through different initiatives. Some organizations have started reaping the benefits of employees’ diversity at their workplaces. Some publ ic and private organizations have promoted women and minorities to leadership positions, which was rear in the past. Despite the advantages diversity brings in various organizations and the initiatives taken by organizations to promote it, implementing it poses challenges in different organizations. Initiatives to promote diversity TheRead MoreThe Impact Of Diversity On Workforce Diversity Essay1993 Words   |  8 PagesCapitalising on Workforce diversity is the aim of most organisations today. However, workforce diversity presents both opportunities and challenges in organisations as ideas and practices from different backgrounds combine together, sometimes causing challenges such as communication and benefits such as productivity and creativity. This essay will further analyse the opportunities and challenges that are present in today’s organisations due to workforce diversity. Understanding workforce diversity is crucialRead MoreEssay on Diversity in the Workforce1581 Words   |  7 Pagesto create a diverse workforce not to have the best staff, but also the right mix of cultures as companies expand globally. Diversity is a collection of many attributes that a person, group or culture has, and how they interact together offering these individuals strength to grow a company’s business. As companies grow globally they need to pay special attention to how they market their business, offer their services in different parts of the world and having a diverse workforce helps meet those demandsRead MoreThe Diversity Of A Multicultural Workforce1151 Words   |  5 PagesAs for Google it is known for have a multicultural workforce however they lack on the amount of women working at google one of the reasons for this is they nature of the business, technology most women are actually not interested in technology jobs so it more prominently dominated by male s. For this reason it more likely for the best candidates to be male as to there is more of them. However Google is using the diversity management to attract more employees from and develop the world’s most talentedRead MoreThe Diversity Of A Diverse Workforce2007 Words   |  9 Pages Diversity management is extremely important and must be an ongoing process within all levels of an organization. Diverse work groups often have better and more ideas because of their wide-ranging backgrounds and experiences. Also, companies with a diverse work force that operate globally may perform better. While working in a group people need to have a common way of communicating and accomplishing task. If the group members do not get along then the group is likely going to suffer. Diversity inRead MoreGender and Workforce Diversity6858 Words   |  28 Pages2002) Gender and Diversity in Organizations: Past, Present, and Future Directions Audrey J. Murrell1 University of Pittsburgh Erika Hayes James University of Virginia This introduction reviews some of the key issues that have been studied by researchers focused on gender and diversity in organizations. Issues such as discrimination, afï ¬ rmative action, barriers to career advancement, and sexual harassment at work are discussed. Although the study of gender and diversity in organizations hasRead MoreManging Diversity Within The Workforce1198 Words   |  5 Pages MANGING DIVERSITY IN THE WORKFORCE Management 5000 LaTonya S. Warren Webster University Diversity encompasses acceptance and respect.  This means understanding that every individual is unique,  and noticing their individual uniqueness.   This can be different race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs,  political beliefs, or other ideologies and exploring these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment

Utilitarianism Vs. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism,...

Reading through the three chapters, what grabbed my attention most was the one on Utilitarianism. I will have some comments throughout this journal from Chapter 4 (egoism, altruism, and social contract) and 6 (Deontological Ethics and Immanuel Kant) because they have a big influence on this chapter. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that relies on the comparison of the overall happiness produced for everyone. It also advocates the precedence of consequence in the judgment of an action. On the former note, I believe that utilitarianism highly opposes secularism. Utilitarianism demands that we should undergo a choice that is directly dependent on producing a greater happiness for more people. However, it is right to question why I’m†¦show more content†¦A utilitarian may thus give a person a choice to adhere to the rules and share these benefits or fly solo and start his/her own civilization from zero. I would prefer the former over the latter. My main idea, however, is that utilitarianism demolishes the value of personal liberty. It is therefore ironic for me that some utilitarian philosophers value liberty even though their views are quite the opposite. Speaking of utilitarian philosophers, two of the influential philosophers that supported utilitarianism were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. I was amazed that a mathematical procedure was suggested by utilitarian philosophers in order to calculate the right ethical solution for general problems. Amount of happiness, intensity, duration, fruitfulness, and likelihood were the guidelines for determining the valid net happiness. I was interested in the likelihood aspect of this proposal. How can we be certain that pleasure can be delivered to certain groups of people as it was initially planned. For instance, let’s say I had a leisure saving of about 5000 dollars. Instead of taking my family on a vacation to Thailand and providing a decent amount of happiness for a week, I decided to bu y a used Audi car to my wife in hopes of providing more happiness for coming few years. It may turn out to be the correct decision if my wife cherishes this gift every day as she uses it instead of taking the bus.Show MoreRelated2074 Final Notes Essay6510 Words   |  27 PagesBusiness Ethics Make Sense? Adam Smith: we are motivated by self interest, and through the invisible hand comes free market competition. This naturally to social utility. / Butcher-brewer-baker quote demonstrates that the exchange of goods if for the benefit of both parties, without no ethics involved in the exchange. / Though competition, comes social harmony and utility. 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Business is a social world governed by self interest, and moral evaluations of self interest that determine moral evaluations of the business world.  Ã‚   My purpose in this essay is to defend the egoism that the business world depends upon. Business is about productionRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 34 45 48 52 . . . . . . 54 . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . 88 . . . . . . 97 . . . . . 101 . . . . . 103 . . . . . 104 xvii xviii Illustrations Figure 5.5. Political, Economic, Social, and Technological (PEST) Factors Impact Planning. . . . . . . . . Figure 5.6. Several Factors Must Be Considered in Initial Strategic Planning Steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5.7. University of California–Berkeley Library’s ValueRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Cochinard, this volume: Chapter 5). The subjects of game theory are the players, and not a supposedly omniscient modeler. Only recently have all the consequences of this seemingly banal observation come to light. How ought

What Would Happen If Sand Were Water Resistant - 845 Words

Question What would happen if sand were water resistant? What does the fabric protector do to the sand that makes it Hydroponic? Why does the oil sink? why does the sand stick so close? Research This Project is about What would happen if sand was hydroponic. Walking on the beach is calm relaxing and peaceful. however, what if the sand was to resist the water. Some thing hard to understand yet possible due to a number a number substances. The question being what would happen if sand were water resistant, can only be defined if you know exactly what sand is and what it is composed of. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines sand as â€Å" a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than†¦show more content†¦This can all been done, and you will know how from the following paragraph. How sand can be water resistant. Sand can become water resistant in one notable way. It can become water resistant from coating it with scotch guard. You can make it. get scotch guard from any local department store. You must heavily coat the sand three to four time and repeat before you make the sand hydroponic. You must also add olive oil too the mix. The sand is now water resistant. how ever it is due to The PFOS chemicals in the scotch guard. The secret chemical that is keeping the sand and water from bonding together. As a result making hydroponic sand. What happens when sand is hydroponic. When the sand is hydroponic a number of unimaginable things take place. Once you have coated the sand you can place it in the water. When placing the sand in the water it will form a clump in the exact form it was poured in. Once it is in the water you can reclaim it. Taking it out you will see the sand go from, having underwater wet sand, to completely dry sand. You can repeat and the result will not change due to it scotch guard coating. An example of how this work in our lives to day can be for example, when 4.9 million (barrels) of crude oil dispersed into the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. This spilling of oil polluted the ocean, and left millions of wildlife covered in oil and left to suffer.When crews arrived, they released 2 million gallons of Corexit. Corexit was and experimental substance

Nursing Clinical Dosage Calculations - Click to Free Sample

Question: 1. Post- operative pain assessment During your most recent post-operative assessment of Mr. Jones, he tells you he has pain in his abdomen. Identify one (1) method of pain assessment used in the adult post operative setting and provide a rationale to support its use. This discussion should be supported by a minimum of two (2) evidenced based resources. 2. Pain management On checking Mr. Jones medication chart, you find a valid order for the following: Paracetamol tablets 500mg to 1000mg orally every 6 hours. You decide to administer 1000 mgs of Paracetamol. In the drug cupboard is a stock of 500 mg tablets. In your answer, provide the working out of the dose you would administer and discuss two (2) medication safety issues and two (2) legal nursing precautions you should consider prior to the administration of this drug. This discussion should be supported by a minimum of two (2) evidenced based references 3. Discharge Planning Discharge planning often involves extensive patient education in relation to the post-operative recovery period. Complete the discharge template that has been provided and attach this to your submitted paper, as an appendix. You are then required to discuss the rationale for the instructions you have given Mr. Jones and his family which address his post-operative management goals. Aspects to consider could be, ambulation, return to work, pain relief, medical follow up as well as any other issues that maybe relevant to Mr. Jones, his needs and his familys needs. This discussion should be supported by a minimum of two (2) evidenced based references 4. Nursing Documentation Write a nursing report about Mr. Jones as if you were completing it in his notes after he has been discharged. The information should convey to the reader what you have specifically discussed/explained/planned for Mr. Jones and his family in relation to their discharge planning requirements. Answer: Introduction This assignment is focused on the case study of a 32 years old male Malcolm Jones, who has undergone a surgery for inguinal hernia. After his surgery, the nurse has to document all of his vital signs as the part of post-operative management of the patient. Based on the post-operative documentation, the discharge planning of the patient is done. As pain is a common symptom after surgeries, pain assessment and management of the patient would be discussed here, along with the discharge panning and nursing documentation (King Hawley, 2012). Pain assessment There are a number of pain assessment tools available for post-operative purposes. In this assignment, the visual analogue scale would be used for assessing Mr. Jones pain, as the nurse addressed an abdominal pain during the most recent postoperative assessment of Mr. Jones. In this condition, Mr. Jones will be assessed through the most common pain scale used for post-operative patients, the Visual analogue scale (VAS). In the process of assessment, the nurse has to ask questions related to the abdominal pain of Mr. Jones and records his answers, which is then assessed through the pain assessment instrument (Berman et al., 2015). The instrument include 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain) range. The psychometric response scale will collect data related to Mr. Jones severity of pain. The nurse would ask him such questions that can depict his level of pain, based on which, the intervention would be undertaken. Figure: Visual analogue scale (Source: Brotto Rafferty, 2016) According to Tiziani (2013) the continuous or analogue aspect of the VAS pain assessment tool makes it superior from the discrete scales, like Likert scale. Several evidences show that visual analogue scales include better metrical characteristics compared to the discrete scales, which helps to apply diverse range of statistical methods to the measurements. It has also been revealed that the sensitivity and reproducibility of VAS is somewhat superior to the others linear pain assessment scales (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2014). Thus, VAS is suitable for assessing Mr. Jones pain. Pain management The nurse found that in Mr. Jones medication chart, there were a valid order for paracetamol tablets 500mg to 1000 mg orally every 6 hours. Paracetamol is classified as the pain reliever and fever reducer. It is widely used post operatively for reducing pain. The dosage of the medication is decided based on the level of pain, the patient is experiencing. Before, administering the drug, the nurse calculated the required dosage for the patient. In this context, based on his severe pain, the nurse decided to administer 1000mg/dose in every 6 hours (Tiziani, 2013). As the patient had no history of alcoholism or liver disease, thus, it was safe to administer the highest dose of the pain reliever medication. The first safety issue of administering paracetamol is giving the correct dose to the patient. As the nurse is going to administer the highest dose, it should be ensured that not more than 1000mg is administered to the patient, because it can have adverse effect. As the cupboard is a stock of 500 mg tablets, the nurse would give 2 tablets to the patient (500 X 2 =1000 mg/per dose) (Gatford Phillips, 2011). Another safety issue for administering this medication to Mr. Jones is his previous history of allergy. In some cases, paracetamol can worsen the allergetic reactions. Thus, before administering, the nurse should consult with doctor about the dosage. The legal precautions that the nurse should undertake are, collecting informed consent from the patient and completing the discharge form with correct information. Discharge planning The patient is fit and well now for being discharged. His postoperative vital signs have been taken within four hours of his discharge and the vital signs showed no serious complication. The wound area has been assessed by the surgical specialist and has reported absence of infection and signs of recovery. The patient is able to eat, drink and ambulate, as desired. The patient and his family have been discussed about the entire special requirement for his faster recovery. Mr. Jones has been recommended not to lift heavy weight, more than 15kg. He can return to his work after at least two weeks and until then he should take enough rest. The patient and his family have gone through a session related to his awareness about hernia prevention in future (Brotto Rafferty, 2016). An appointment was made for him after two weeks for a wound check with Dr. William. Nursing documentation After assessing all the information, it has been revealed that the patient experienced no severe post-operative complications. The patient was admitted with a surgical emergency related to inguinal hernia. IN spite of having allergy to penicillin and GORD, the patient did not have severe medical history. The nurse before the surgery ensured his physical stability along with the assurance that the patient did not consumed food or any drink since last night. After the successful operation, the patient was transferred to the surgical ward. The postoperative assessment revealed that the patient was able to eat, drink and ambulate. To reduce pain, analgesia was ordered (Tollefson Hillman, 2016). However, the patient informed an abdominal pain during the post-operative assessment. To measure the intensity of his pain, the nurse used the VAS pain assessment tool and based on the pain severity, the nurse administered 1000mg paracetamol. Before discharge, the nurse assessed all the vital sig ns and the surgical site for the presence of infection or any kinds of abnormalities. The patient was released with proper discharge documentation. Based on his post-operative status, he and his family was advised to reduce work load (Hayley, 2013). He was also prescribed not to lift heavy things for next 6 weeks. Follow up schedule was also provided. Conclusion Here, the post-operative nursing care was discussed with a special focus on the 32 years old patient Mr. Jones. The nurse completed all the assessment procedures very carefully, to avoid any kinds of miscommunication or errors. Before discharge, the medical team assessed whether Mr. Jones is fit for leaving the hospital or not and based on his status, the discharge planning was done. Reference List Berman, A., Snyder, S., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M.....Stanley, D. (2015) Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing (3rd Australian ed). Melbourne: Pearson education. Brotto, V., Rafferty, K. (2016). Clinical Dosage calculations for Australia and New Zealand (2nd ed). Sydney: Cengage Learning. Daly, J., Speedy, S. Jackson, D. (2014) Contexts of nursing, preparing for professional practice. (4th ed): Sydney: Elsevier. Gatford, J. Phillips, N. (2011) Nursing calculations. (8th ed). Sydney: Elsevier. Hayley, C. (2013) Pilitteris child and family health nursing in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: Lippincott Wilkins Williams King, J.K., Hawley, R. (2012). Australian Nurses' Dictionary (6th ed.). Sydney: Elsevier. Tiziani, A.P. (2013). Harvards nursing guide to drugs (9th ed). Chatswood: Elsevier Australia. Tollefson, J. Hillman, E. (2016). Clinical Psychomotor Skills: Assessment Tools for Nurses. (6th ed). Australia: Cengage.

Organisational Learning A Critical Analysis

Organisation learning, which is different from learning organisation, has been the subject of attention and research for some time now (Burnes et al 2003; Marshall et al 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Learning: A Critical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, extant literature demonstrates that although the concept of organisational learning did not emerge until the 1980s, its principles are firmly grounded on many perspectives of management and its practices identify a broad variety of factors, including organisation strategy, culture, structure and design, absorptive capability, problem-solving capacity and staff participation, among others (Wang Ahmed 2003). The present paper exemplifies some dimensions regarding organisation learning, especially its challenges and recommendations for practice. Extant literature considers organisation learning capacity â€Å"†¦as the o rganizational and managerial characteristics that facilitate the organizational learning process or allow an organisation to learn and thus develop a learning environment† (Burnes et al 2003, p. 456). It is indeed true that many organisations experience difficulty in making organisational learning a reality due to a number of factors that are unique to the organisation. First, many organisations are yet to come up with frameworks and strategies that they could use to integrate individual learning into organisational learning, implying that they have knowledgeable employees who are yet to be transformed to bring competitive advantage for the organisations due to disjointed programs and frameworks, as well as lack of collectivity of individual learning within the organisation (Wang Ahmed 2003). The second bottleneck to organisational learning revolves around the issue of mixed understanding of the drivers for improvement and learning, whereby it has been found that most organis ations do not keep a standard practice for organisational learning initiatives, leading to confusion and unproductiveness (Marshall et al 2009). Extant literature demonstrates that â€Å"†¦the ability of a workforce in an organisation to learn faster than those in other organisations constitutes the only sustainable competitive advantage at the disposal of a learning organisation† (Wang Ahmed 2003, p. 9). Arguably, a mixed understanding of the drivers for improvement and learning ensures that the capacity of employees to learn faster remains a mirage.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third bottleneck facing organisations in their attempt to initialize organisational learning is hinged on the issue of different and opposing perceptions about the current learning climate and capability (Marshall et al 2009). Again, this problem is to a large extent caused by ma nagement, who fails to provide employees with a framework to guide current learning climate and capability, leaving them to progress their own opposing perceptions at the expense of organisational learning. These opposing perceptions, according to Hoe (2007), create a fertile breeding ground for employee mistrust and hamper attempts by organisations to acquire, disseminate and use knowledge in response to rapidly shifting market forces. The last bottleneck revolves around the issue of dysfunctional interactions of misaligned organisational cultures or structures that make it difficult for employees to benefit from organisational learning initiatives (Marshall et al 2009). A misalignment of organisational culture not only ensures that organisations have no capacity to learn new trends and ideas from the market, but also functions to weaken teamwork and motivation, which are key to the learning process (Baldwin-Evans 2007). For many years now, Wal-Mart has been struggling to internali ze the concept of organisational learning due to its huge workforce (Baldwin-Evans 2007). To turn the rhetoric of organisational learning into reality, Wal-Mart could: 1) develop frameworks and strategies that could be used to integrate individual learning processes into organisational learning processes, 2) come up with a common standard regarding the drivers for organisational improvement and learning to avoid confusion and duplication of resources, and 3) align its organisational culture and structure to meet specific targets for organisational learning. Reference List Baldwin-Evans, K 2007, ‘The future of organisational learning’, Industrial Commercial Training, vol. 39 no. 6, pp. 299-306.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Learning: A Critical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Burnes, B, Cooper, C West, P 2003, ‘Organisational learning: The new management paradigm?â €™, Management Decision, vol. 41 no. 5, pp. 452-464. Hoe, SL 2007, ‘Is interpersonal trust a necessary condition for organisational learning’, Journal of Organisational Transformation Social Change, vol. 4 no. 2, pp. 149-156. Marshall, J, Smith, S Buxton, S 2009, ‘Learning organisations and organisational learning: What we have learned’, Management Services, vol. 53 no. 2, pp. 36-44. Wang, CL Ahmed, PK 2003, ‘Organisation learning: A critical review’, The Learning Organisation, vol. 10 no. 1, pp. 8-17. This essay on Organisational Learning: A Critical Analysis was written and submitted by user J0se to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.