Chemical Bonding Essay

Chemical Bonding EssayAnna FyodorovaAll elements are made of atoms which combined with each otherwise assortment new atoms. They come together in large or small numbers to form very similar or very diverse atoms and as a result of the combination it is cognize as a chemical bond. Atoms linked together by bonds go for different properties to the original fire atoms. at that place are only about 100 chemically different types of atoms which make up millions of substances in the world by world combined together. The cardinal main types of chemical bonds the bean bond in compounds which occurs between a metallic element and a non-metal and the covalent bond occurring between the two atoms of non-metallic element or between different elements of two atoms.In ionic boding metal and non-metal atoms when combined together loose or gain negatrons so they can have a complete outer shell. As an example if sodium which has an electron configuration 2, 8, 1 loses an electron it is lef t with stable structure neon which has electron configuration 2, 8. However sodium atom still has one more proton than electrons in the orbit around the nucleus. As a result of protons having authoritative boot the sodium atom has now become a positively charged sodium ion. The electronic structure of sodium ion is written as 2, 8+. There are atoms that similarly gain electrons during reactions and they gain noble gas structure. For example, Chlorine has electronic structure of 2, 8 , 7. To have the stable electronic structure of argon it inevitably to gain a unmarried electron becoming 2, 8, 8. Chlorine has now got more electrons than positively charged protons and is known as a chloride ion carrying a single negative charge. The electronic structure of chloride ion is written as 2,8,8. Ionic bonds are formed by atoms reacting together that need to gain and to loose electrons. For example, when sodium and atomic number 17 react together they need to form stable ions which occur by sodium losing an electron and chlorine gaining one. Below is a lewis diagram that shows an example of ionic attach by formation of sodium chloride (NaCl). (Brown, 2009)The oppositely charged ions are held together by the strong attraction forces that during ionic bonding form the positive and negative ions. As a result of these bonds between the charged particles a giant structure of ions is formed. To break all the bonds would take a lot of brawniness as the ions in the giant structure are being held together strongly therefore the ionic compounds have a high boiling and break up points. Sodium chloride is a good example of an ionic substance. It is known as NaCl or common salt and by being a crystalline steady it has a high boiling point of 1413oC and melting point of 801oC. Below is a diagram of a sodium chloride giant ionic structure.Two nonmetal atoms reacting together seek to gain and share electrons to achieve a structure of a noble gas and become stable. The atoms a re held together by the inactive attraction of the pair of electrons concentrated in between the two nuclei. This is known as a covalent bond. A corpuscle is formed when atoms are being held together by the covalent bonds. Below is an example of a covalent bond of two hydrogen atoms. (Brown, 2009)Multiple bonds can be formed by atoms sharing more than one electron pair. Two electron pairs or total of four electrons form a double bond and three electron pairs or total of six electrons form a triple bond. An example of multiple bonds is Oxygen and Nitrogen as they both exist as diatomic whits containing double bonds. Below is an example of single, double and triple bonds. (Brown, 2009)Covalent compounds at a room temperature can be found in a form of a solid, gas or water and in a solution generally do not conduct electricity. Two chlorine atoms form a non-polar covalent bond by being equally dual-lane as the difference in electronegativity between them is zero. Covalent bonds tha t have unequal shared electrons between the atoms is a polar bond.Polar and nonpolar molecules have the attractive forces between them which determine the strength and properties of these bonds and are known as intermolecular forces. There are three types of intermolecular forces and they play an important role in changes of state in molecular compounds. In covalent bonds the strength of intermolecular forces depends on the size and shape of molecules, which will determine if the bond will have a higher, or lower boiling or melting points. (Goodman, 1960)Dispersion (also known as Van der Waals) forces exist between all molecules polar or nonpolar and without these forces nonpolar molecules cannot ever form a solid or a liquid. Molecules with more electrons will generate bigger oscillating and induced dipoles. These produce larger attractive forces between molecules.A dipole-dipole interaction is when a polar molecule will attract another polar molecular by the small + and - charges. This gives a weak intermolecular force called a permanent-dipole interaction. Below is an example of intermolecular forces between Hydrogen and chlorine molecules.There is strong intermolecular attraction in hydrogen bonds between a polar hydrogen and one molecule and single pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom of Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen on a different molecule. (Mikeblaber.org, 2014)There are specific properties of water arising from hydrogen bonding. Solid is less dense than liquid, therefore particles in solids are usually packed slightly closer together than in liquids. comparatively strong hydrogen bonds hold water molecules apart in an open latt nut case structure. Below is an example of an open hydrogen-bonded latt shabu of ice as ice is less dense than water.Hydrogen bonds have a high melting and boiling point, therefore theres a relatively strong attraction of H-bonds and H2O. The H-bonds are extra forces, over and above dispersion forces. These extra forces result in higher melting and boiling points than would be expected from just dispersion. When the ice lattice breaks, hydrogen bonds are broken. (Gent and Richie, 2008).BibliographyBrown, C. (2009).Higher level Chemistry. 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